Guidelines for public institutions based on the experience of the Government of Catalonia

In the backdrop of the growing concerns of increasing water security in the larger Asian, especially South and South East Asian (S&SEA) context, this paper examines the major water security challenges as well vulnerability of the countries in the region towards water-scarcity induced problems. It is observed that the water security concerns in the S&SEA region emerge from a host of factors that are attributed to growing populations, urbanization, industrial development and the nascent climate change induced threats. Apparently, all these factors continue to remain quite virulent in the future as well despite earnest efforts among individual countries to overcome many of these developmental issues through appropriate policies as well as adaptation and mitigation strategies. Following an analysis of the status of water across S&SEA and other countries, the paper makes a critical look at the major water security challenges as emerge from the empirical literature. Since water security issues are increasingly becoming potent affecting the sustainable livelihoods of human and cattle population as well as the survival of the environmental and ecosystems, it is all the more important that the countries concerned are to be highly sensitive and responsive in terms of mainstreaming the local governance, institutions and community based as well as other local development agencies for protecting and conserving the water resource systems. In this regard, the paper brings out the imperatives of evolving strategies for strengthening the ties between local institutions (state operated, private, and community/civil society based) as well as national governments?and?or?international/cross-border NGOs in?the regional context of  the S&SEA to address the water security challenges from a multi-stakeholder, multi-sectoral perspectives. This essentially calls for constant interactions between countries as well as regions within a country, to use or the locally suited institutional models to address the multiple problems of access to water as well as strengthening the economic, political and financial capabilities of the local institutions to achieve the SDGs

This report provides a gender review of a decade and a half of World Bank infrastructure lending for 1,246 projects. The objective of this review is to assess the status of and trends in gender integration in the World Bank infrastructure portfolio, and to establish a baseline for monitoring and enhancing gender integration in line with commitments made for the 2006 Gender Action Plan.

This commentary reviews contemporary changes in aid modalities and their impact on processes of decentralization. The main change in aid delivery and disbursement considered is towards a greater emphasis on general budget support (GBS) and sector wide approaches (SWAPs). This includes considering the broad questions of firstly, the impact of emphasising GBS on local government and governance systems, and secondly, the extent to which processes of decentralization can fit in with this new approach.

Local government in Malaysia occupies the third and lowest level after federal and state governments. Under the Malaysian federal constitution (paragraphs 4 and 5 of the Ninth Schedule), local government is the responsibility of the states, but the federal government also exercises considerable power and influence over local government, especially in peninsular Malaysia. The dynamic of the Malaysian federal system is such that it has shifted the balance of power to the centre.Local government accounts for only 1% of GDP. There are 144 local authorities divided into cities (major administrative and commercial centres), municipalities (other urban areas), and districts (chiefly rural areas). Executive powers rest with the Mayor (cities) or President, supported and/or overseen by a system of committees. Currently, local councils in Malaysia are not elected: councillors are appointed by the state government for 3-year terms (with the option of re-appointment) and in most cases come from the ruling coalition.